Chemical Constituents of Psilocybe Sensu Stricto Mushrooms. A 1958 – 2025 Comprehensive Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29356/jmcs.v70i1.2551Keywords:
Alkaloids, Basidiomycota, chemical composition, Fungi, hallucinogenic species, magic mushroomsAbstract
The genus Psilocybe currently comprises approximately 165 species that are hallucinogenic. Chemical studies on them have revealed the presence of alkaloids with indole and β-carboline structures, which are responsible for their psychotropic properties. However, scarce information has been reported on other classes of metabolites present in Psilocybe mushrooms. The objective of this review was to integrate chemical information published on the species of mushroom recognized in this genus, specifically that including characterized metabolites. The search for this information spanned publications from 1958 to 2025 and identified at least 50 different metabolites in 32 species. Overall, most metabolites were alkaloids with an indole structure; however, amino acids, terpenoids, and saccharides were also mentioned.
Resumen. Actualmente, el género Psilocybe comprende aproximadamente 165 especies alucinógenas. Los estudios químicos sobre ellas han revelado la presencia de alcaloides con estructura de indol y β-carbolina, los cuales son responsables de sus propiedades psicotrópicas. Sin embargo, poca información se ha reportado sobre otras clases de metabolitos presentes en los hongos del género Psilocybe. El objetivo de esta revisión fue integrar la información química publicada sobre las especies de hongos reconocidas en este género, específicamente aquella que incluye la caracterización de metabolitos. La búsqueda de esta información abarcó publicaciones de 1958 a 2025 y reveló la identificación de al menos 50 metabolitos diferentes en 32 especies. En general, la mayoría de los metabolitos fueron alcaloides con estructuras de indol, pero también se incluyeron aminoácidos, terpenoides y sacáridos.
Downloads
References
1. Nichols, D. E. J. Antibiot. 2020, 73, 679–686. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41429-020-0311-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41429-020-0311-8
2. Moncalvo, J.-M.; Vilgalys, R.; Redhead, S. A.; Johnson, J. E.; James, T. Y.; Catherine Aime, M.; Hofstetter, V.; Verduin, S. J. W.; Larsson, E.; Baroni, T. J.; Greg Thorn, R.; Jacobsson, S.; Clémençon, H.; Miller, O. K. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2002, 23, 357–400. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1
3. Matheny, P. B.; Curtis, J. M.; Hofstetter, V.; Aime, M. C.; Moncalvo, J.-M.; Ge, Z.-W.; Yang, Z.-L.; Slot, J. C.; Ammirati, J. F.; Baroni, T. J.; Bougher, N. L.; Hughes, K. W.; Lodge, D. J.; Kerrigan, R. W.; Seidl, M. T.; Aanen, D. K.; DeNitis, M.; Daniele, G. M.; Desjardin, D. E.; Kropp, B. R.; Norvell, L. L.; Parker, A.; Vellinga, E. C.; Vilgalys, R.; Hibbett, D. S. Mycologia. 2006, 98, 982–995. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832627
4. Ramírez-Cruz, V.; Guzmán, G.; Villalobos-Arámbula, A. R.; Rodríguez, A.; Matheny, P. B.; Sánchez-García, M.; Guzmán-Dávalos, L. Am. J. Bot. 2013, 91, 573–591. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0070
5. Redhead, S. A.; Moncalvo, J.-M.; Vilgalys, R.; Matheny, P. B.; Guzmán-Dávalos, L.; Guzmán, G. Taxon. 2007, 56, 255–257.
6. Guzmán, G. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms. 2005, 7, 305–331. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v7.i12.280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v7.i12.280
7. Kirk, P. M.; Cannon, P. F.; Minter, D. W., Stalpers, J. A., in: Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. CABI International, 2008, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851998268.0000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851998268.0000
8. Lenz, C.; Wick, J.; Braga, D.; García‐Altares, M.; Lackner, G.; Hertweck, C.; Gressler, M.; Hoffmeister, D. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 1450–1454. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201910175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201910175
9. Bradshaw, A. J.; Backman, T. A.; Ramírez-Cruz, V.; Forrister, D. L.; Winter, J. M.; Guzmán-Dávalos, L.; Furci, G.; Stamets, P.; Dentinger, B. T. M. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2022, 88. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01498-22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01498-22
10. Guzmán, G. Acta Bot. Mex. 2012, 100, 79–106.
11. Kargbo, R. B.; Sherwood, A.; Walker, A.; Cozzi, N. V.; Dagger, R. E.; Sable, J.; O’Hern, K.; Kaylo, K.; Patterson, T.; Tarpley, G.; Meisenheimer, P. ACS Omega. 2020, 5, 16959–16966. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02387 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02387
12. Waldbillig, A.; Baranova, M.; Neumann, S.; Andrade, J.; Sidhu, S. Front. Fungal Biol. 2023, 4. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2023.1295223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2023.1295223
13. Otvos, R. A.; Mladic, M.; Arias-Alpizar, G.; Niessen, W. M. A.; Somsen, G. W.; Smit, A. B.; Kool, J. SLAS Discovery. 2016, 21, 459–467. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057115625307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087057115625307
14. Hofmann, A.; Heim, R.; Brack, A.; Kobel, H. Experientia. 1958, 14, 107–109. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02159243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02159243
15. Hofmann, A.; Heim, R.; Brack, A.; Kobel, H.; Frey, A.; Ott, H.; Petrzilka, Th.; Troxler, F. Helv. Chim. Acta. 1959, 42, 1557–1572. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19590420518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19590420518
16. Hofmann, A.; Troxler, F. Experientia. 1959, 15, 101–102. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02166696. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02166696
17. Hofmann, A. Chimia 1960, 14, 309–318 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.1960.309
18. Leung, A. Y.; Paul, A. G. J. Pharm. Sci. 1968, 57, 1667–1671. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600571007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600571007
19. Repke, D. B.; Leslie, D. T. J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 113–114. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600660130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600660130
20. Repke, D. B.; Leslie, D. T.; Guzmán, G. Lloydia 1977, 40, 566–578.
21. Fricke, J.; Blei, F.; Hoffmeister, D. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 12352–12355. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201705489 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201705489
22. Jensen, N.; Gartz, J.; Laatsch, H. Planta Med. 2006, 72, 665–666. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-931576 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-931576
23. Lenz, C.; Wick, J.; Hoffmeister, D. J. Nat. Prod. 2017, 80, 2835–2838. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00407
24. Blei, F.; Fricke, J.; Wick, J.; Slot, J. C.; Hoffmeister, D. ChemBioChem. 2018, 19, 2160–2166. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201800336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201800336
25. Dörner, S.; Rogge, K.; Fricke, J.; Schäfer, T.; Wurlitzer, J. M.; Gressler, M.; Pham, D. N. K.; Manke, D. R.; Chadeayne, A. R.; Hoffmeister, D. ChemBioChem. 2022, 23. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202200249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202200249
26. Blei, F.; Dörner, S.; Fricke, J.; Baldeweg, F.; Trottmann, F.; Komor, A.; Meyer, F.; Hertweck, C.; Hoffmeister, D. Chem. Eur. J. 2020, 26, 729–734. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201904363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201904363
27. Beck, O.; Helander, A.; Karlson-Stiber, C.; Stephansson, N. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1998, 22, 45–49. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.1.45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.1.45
28. Pornpakakul, S.; Suwancharoen, S.; Petsom, A.; Roengsumran, S.; Muangsin, N.; Chaichit, N.; Piapukiew, J.; Sihanonth, P.; Allen, J. W. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2009, 11, 12–17. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020802435794 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020802435794
29. Koike, Y.; Wada, K.; Kusano, G.; Nozoe, S.; Yokoyama, K. J. Nat. Prod. 1981, 44, 362–365. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50015a023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/np50015a023
30. Picker, J.; Rickards, R. Aust. J. Chem. 1970, 23, 853. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1071/CH9700853 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9700853
31. Nkadimeng, S. M.; Nabatanzi, A.; Steinmann, C. M. L.; Eloff, J. N. Plants. 2020, 9, 1127. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091127
32. Dhanasekaran, D.; Latha, S.; Suganya, P.; Panneerselvam, A.; Senthil Kumar, T.; Alharbi, N. S.; Arunachalam, C.; Alharbi, S. A.; Thajuddin, N. Microb. Pathog. 2020, 143, 104138. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104138
33. Luz, M. A.; Guedes, H. V. S.; Bisneto, A. B. M.; Jesus, R. A. de; Galdino, T. P.; Oliveira, L. C.; Afonso, V. I.; Fook, M. V. L.; Lima, A. G. B.; Silva, S. M. de L.; Torres, M. C. M. Pharmaceuticals. 2025, 18, 989. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph18070989 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18070989
34. Guzmán, G.; Ott, J. Mycologia. 1976, 68, 1261–1267. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1976.12020019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1976.12020019
35. Borovička, J.; Oborník, M.; Stříbrný, J.; Noordeloos, M. E.; Sánchez, L. A. P.; Gryndler, M. Pers.: Mol. Phylogeny Evol. Fungi. 2015, 34, 1–9. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158515X685283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3767/003158515X685283
36. Stríbrný, J.; Borovicka, J.; Sokol, M. Soud Lek. 2003, 48, 45–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2003-451-219
37. https://patents.google.com/patent/NL2018190B1/en?q=(Psilocybe+atlantis)&oq=Psilocybe+atlantis, accessed in February 2026.
38. Wurst, M.; Kysilka, R.; Flieger, M. Folia Microbiol. (Praha). 2002, 47, 3–27. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02818560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02818560
39. Heim, R.; Wasson, G., in: Les champignons hallucinogènes du Mexique; études ethnologiques, taxinomiques, biologiques, physiologiques et chimiques, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle: París, 1958.
40. Ott, J.; Guzmán, G. Lloydia. 1976, 39, 258–260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1976.11023895
41. Ola’h, G. M.; Heim, R. C. R. Acad. Sci. D 1967, 264, 1601–1604.
42. Windsor, C.; Kreynes, A. E.; Chilton, J. S.; Chioffi, W. A.; Niebergall, C.; J. AOAC Int. 2025. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf007
43. https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2023225186A1/en?oq=WO2023225186A1, accessed in February 2026.
44. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20230398166A1/en?oq=US20230398166+A1, accessed in February 2026.
45. Tylš, F.; Páleníček, T.; Horáček, J. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014, 24, 342–356. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006
46. Beug, M. W.; Bigwood, J. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1982, 5, 271–285. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(82)90013-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(82)90013-7
47. Leung, A. Y.; Paul, A. G. J. Pharm. Sci. 1967, 56, 146. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600560132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600560132
48. Benedict, R. G.; Brady, L. R.; Smith, A. H.; Tyler, V. E. Jr. Lloydia. 1962, 25, 156–159.
49. Benedict, R. G.; Brady, L. R.; Tyler, V. E. J. Pharm. Sci. 1962, 51, 393–394. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600510428 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600510428
50. Wurst, M.; Kysilka, R.; Koza, T. J Chromatogr A. 1992, 593, 201–208. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)80287-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)80287-5
51. Wurst, M.; Semerdžieva, M.; Vokoun, J. J Chromatogr A. 1984, 286, 229–235. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)99190-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)99190-3
52. Gartz, J.; Moller, G. K. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 1989, 184, 337–341. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0015-3796(89)80023-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-3796(89)80023-X
53. Semerdžieva, M.; Wurst, M.; Koza, T.; Gartz, J. Planta Med. 1986, 52, 83–85. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969085
54. Kysilka, R. Chem. Listy. 1990, 84, 988–992.
55. Kysilka, R.; Wurst, M.; Pacáková, V.; Štulík, K.; Haškovec, L. J. Chromatogr. A. 1985, 320, 414–420. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90521-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90521-7
56. Kysilka, R.; Wurst, M. J. Chromatogr. A. 1989, 464, 434–437. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94264-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94264-X
57. Kysilka, R.; Wurst, M. Planta Med. 1990, 56, 327–328. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960970
58. Gartz, J.; Wiedemann, G. Drug Test. Anal. 2015, 7, 853–857. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.1795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1795
59. Heim, R.; Hofmann, A. Rev. Mycol. 1958, 23, 347–351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc19580347
60. Gotvaldová, K.; Borovička, J.; Hájková, K.; Cihlářová, P.; Rockefeller, A.; Kuchař, M. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14068. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214068
61. Rossato, L. G.; Cortez, V. G.; Limberger, R. P.; Guzmán, G. Mycotaxon. 2009, 108, 223–229. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5248/108.223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5248/108.223
62. Heim, R. Actual. Pharmacol. 1959, 12, 171–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0036930600010875
63. Leung, A. Y.; Smith, A. H.; Paul, A. G. J. Pharm. Sci. 1965, 54, 1576–1579. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600541104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600541104
64. Bigwood, J.; Beug, M. W. J Ethnopharmacol. 1982, 5, 287–291. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(82)90014-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(82)90014-9
65. Goff, R.; Smith, M.; Islam, S.; Sisley, S.; Ferguson, J.; Kuzdzal, S.; Badal, S.; Kumar, A. B.; Sreenivasan, U.; Schug, K. A. Anal. Chim. Acta 2024, 1288, 342161. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2023.342161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2023.342161
66. Polo-Castellano, C.; Álvarez, J. Á.; Palma, M.; Barbero, G. F.; Ayuso, J.; Ferreiro-González, M. J. Fungi. 2022, 8, 598. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8060598 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8060598
67. Laussmann, T.; Meier-Giebing, S. Forensic. Sci. Int. 2010, 195, 160–164. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.013
68. Rafati, H.; Riahi, H.; Mohammadi, A. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms. 2009, 11, 419–426. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v11.i4.80 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v11.i4.80
69. Saito, K.; Toyo’oka, T.; Fukushima, T.; Kato, M.; Shirota, O.; Goda, Y. Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 527, 149–156. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.071
70. Saito, K.; Toyo’oka, T.; Kato, M.; Fukushima, T.; Shirota, O.; Goda, Y. Talanta. 2005, 66, 562–568. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.11.031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.11.031
71. Tsujikawa, K.; Kanamori, T.; Iwata, Y.; Ohmae, Y.; Sugita, R.; Inoue, H.; Kishi, T. Forensic. Sci. Int. 2003, 138, 85–90. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.08.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.08.009
72. Musshoff, F.; Madea, B.; Beike, J. Forensic. Sci. Int. 2000, 113, 389–395. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00211-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00211-5
73. Gartz, J. Planta Med. 1989, 55, 249–250. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-961995 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-961995
74. Borner, S.; Brenneisen, R. J. Chromatogr. A. 1987, 408, 402–408. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)81831-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)81831-8
75. Casale, J. F. J. Forensic. Sci. 1985, 30, 247–250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS10989J
76. Margot, P.; Watling, R. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 1981, 76, 485–489. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(81)80077-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(81)80077-0
77. Repke, D. B.; Leslie, D. T.; Mandell, D. M.; Kish, N. G. J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 743–744. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600660539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600660539
78. Catalfomo, P.; Tyler, V. E. Jr. Lloydia. 1964, 27, 53–63.
79. Neal, J. M.; Benedict, R. G.; Brady, L. R. J. Pharm. Sci. 1968, 57, 1661–1667. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600571006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600571006
80. Maruyama, T.; Kawahara, N.; Yokoyama, K.; Makino, Y.; Fukiharu, T.; Goda, Y. Forensic Sic. Int. 2006, 163, 51–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.10.028
81. Unger, S. E.; Cooks, R. G. Anal. Lett. 1979, 12, 1157–1167. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032717908067906 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00032717908067906
82. Stamets, P. E.; Beug, M. W.; Bigwood, J. E.; Guzmán, G. Mycotaxon. 1980, 11, 476–484. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.417274 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.417274
83. Benedict, R. G.; Tyler, V. E. J.; Watling, R. Lloydia. 1967, 30, 150–157.
84. Stamm, C. Schweiz. Lab.-Z. 1992, 49, 383–390.
85. Stamm, C. Schweiz. Lab.-Z. 1993, 50, 72–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000261927
86. Stamm, C. Schweiz. Lab.-Z. 1993, 50, 53–54.
87. Stahl, E.; Brombeer, J.; Eskes, D. Arch. Kriminol. 1978, 162, 23–33. PMID: 567963.
88. Weber, H. P.; Petcher, T. J. J. Chem. Soc. 1974, 1974, 942–946. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/P29740000942 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/P29740000942
89. Petcher, T. J.; Weber, H. P. J. Chem. Soc. 1974, 1974, 946–948. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/P29740000946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/P29740000946
90. Cerletti, A. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1959, 84, 2317-2321. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1114618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1114618
91. Hofmann, A. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 1959, 8, 240–258.
92. Heim, R.; Brack, A.; Kobel, H.; Hofmann, A.; Cailleux, R. C. R. Hebd Seances Acad. Sci. 1958, 246, 1346–1351.
93. Weidmann, H.; Taeschler, M.; Konzett, H. Experientia. 1958, 14, 378–379. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02159166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02159166
94. Hofmann, A.; Frey, A.; Ott, H.; Petrzilka, Th.; Troxler, F. Experientia. 1958, 14, 397–399. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02160424 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02160424
95. Tyler, V. E. Science. 1958, 128, 718–718. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.128.3326.718.a DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.128.3326.718.a
96. Tyler, V. E. Jr. Lloydia. 1961, 24, 71–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1961.tb03949.x
97. Gartz, J.; Allen, J. W.; Merlin, M. D. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1994, 43, 73–80. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90006-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90006-X
98. Gartz, J. Pharmazie. 1985, 40, 134.
99. Babakhanian, R. V; Bushuev, E. S.; Zenkevich, I. G.; Kazankov, S. P.; Kostyrko, T. A.; Kuz’minykh, K. S. Sud. Med. Ekspert. 1998, 41, 24–26.
100. Pedersen-Bjergaard, S.; Rasmussen, K. E.; Sannes, E. Electrophoresis. 1998, 19, 27–30. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150190107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150190107
101. Pedersen-Bjergaard, S.; Sannes, E.; Rasmussen, K. E.; Tønnesen, F. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 1997, 694, 375–381. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00127-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00127-8
102. Brenneisen, R.; Borner, S. Z. Naturforsch. C. 1988, 43, 511–514. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1988-7-806 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-1988-7-806
103. Ohenoja, E.; Jokiranta, J.; Mäkinen, T.; Kaikkonen, A.; Airaksinen, M. M. J. Nat. Prod. 1987, 50, 741–744. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50052a030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/np50052a030
104. Gartz, J. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 1986, 181, 117–124. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0015-3796(86)80079-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-3796(86)80079-8
105. Gartz, J. Pharmazie. 1985, 40, 274–275.
106. Stijve, T.; Kuyper, Th. Planta Med. 1985, 51, 385–387. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969526 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969526
107. Vanhaelen-Fastré, R.; Vanhaelen, M. J. Chromatogr. A. 1984, 312, 467–472. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)92800-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)92800-6
108. Jokiranta, J.; Mustola, S.; Ohenoja, E.; Airaksinen, M. Planta Med. 1984, 50, 277–278. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969703
109. Christiansen, A. L.; Rasmussen, K. E.; Tønnesen, F. J. Chromatogr. A. 1981, 210, 163–167. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)91195-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)91195-6
110. Christiansen, A.; Rasmussen, K.; Høiland, K. Planta Med. 1981, 42, 229–235. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971632
111. Christiansen, A. L.; Rasmussen, K. E. J. Chromatogr. A. 1982, 244, 357–364. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)85700-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)85700-3
112. Christiansen, A. L.; Rasmussen, K. E. J. Chromatogr. A. 1983, 270, 293–299. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96375-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96375-7
113. White, P. C. J. Chromatogr. A. 1979, 169, 453–456. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(75)85080-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(75)85080-1
114. Mantle, P. G.; Waight, E. S. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 1969, 53, 302–304. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(69)80066-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(69)80066-5
115. Hofmann, A.; Heim, R.; Tscherter, H. Compt. Rend. 1963, 257, 10–12.
116. Hofmann, A.; Heim, R.; Tscherter, H. Chem. Zentralbl. 1964, 135, 150
117. Anastos, N.; Barnett, N.; Lewis, S.; Gathergood, N.; Scammells, P.; Sims, D. Talanta- 2005, 67, 354–359. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.11.038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.11.038
118. Anastos, N.; Lewis, S. W.; Barnett, N. W.; Sims, D. N. J. Forensic Sci. 2006, 51, 45–51. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2005.00033.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2005.00033.x
119. Perkal, M.; Blackman, G. L.; Ottrey, A. L.; Turner, L. K. J. Chromatogr. A- 1980, 196, 180–184. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)80375-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)80375-1
120. Gonmori, K. Jpn. J. Forensic Toxicol. 1997, 15, 3–15.
121. Kamata, T.; Nishikawa, M.; Katagi, M.; Tsuchihashi, H. J. Forensic Sci. 2005, 50, 336–340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS2004276
122. Keller, T.; Schneider, A.; Regenscheit, P.; Richard Dirnhofer; Rücker, T.; Jaspers, J.; Kisser, W. Forensic Sci. Int. 1999, 99, 93–105. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(98)00168-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(98)00168-6
123. Keller, T.; Schneider, A.; Tutsch-Bauer, E.; Skopp, G.; Aderjan, R., in: Ion Mobility Spectrometry for the Detection of Drugs in Confiscates and on Body Surfaces. In Nachweis Berauschender Mittel im Strassenverkehr -- Forensische Aspekte der Toxischen Praeparation von Lebensmitteln, Beitraegezum Symposium der Gesellschaft fuer Toxikologische und Forensische Chemie; Pragst, F., Aderjan, R., Eds.; Mosbach, Germany, 1999;129–145.
124. Miller, D. R.; Jacobs, J. T.; Rockefeller, A.; Singer, H.; Bollinger, I. M.; Conway, J.; Slot, J. C.; Cliffel, D. E. bioRxiv. 2023. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2023.11.01.564784 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.11.01.564784
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Aylín R. Tabal-Robles, J. Martín Torres-Valencia, Leticia Romero Bautista, María Eva González-Trujano, Laura Guzmán-Dávalos, Virginia Ramírez-Cruz, Susana Rojas-Lima
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
