Why Measure Particle-by-Particle Electrochemistry? A Tutorial and Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29356/jmcs.v67i4.2014Keywords:
Single-entity electrochemistry, nano-impact, nanoelectrochemistry, electroactivity, electrocatalysisAbstract
Single-particle electrochemistry has become an important area of research with the potential to determine the rules of electrochemical reactivity at the nanoscale. These techniques involve addressing one entity at the time, as opposed to the conventional electrochemical experiment where a large number of molecules interact with an electrode surface. These experiments have been made feasible through the utilization of ultramicroelectrode (UMEs), i.e., electrodes with at least one dimension, e.g., diameter of 30 μm or less. This paper provides a theoretical and practical introduction to single entity electrochemistry (SEE), with emphasis on collision experiments between suspended NPs and UMEs to introduce concepts and techniques that are used in several SEE experimental modes. We discuss the intrinsically small currents, below 1 nA, that result from the electroactive area of single entities in the nanometer scale. Individual nanoparticles can be detected using the difference in electrochemical reactivity between a substrate and a nanoparticle (NP). These experiments show steady-state behavior of single NPs that result in discrete current changes or steps. Likewise, the NP can have transient interactions with the substrate electrode that result in current blips. We review the effect of diffusion, the main mass transport process that limits NP/electrode interactions. Also, we pointed out the implications of aggregation and tunneling in the experiments. Finally, we provid a perspective on the possible applications of single-element electrochemistry of electrocatalyst.
Resumen. La electroquímica de partículas individuales se ha convertido en un área importante de investigación con el potencial de facilitar la comprensión de las reglas de reactividad electroquímica en la escala de nanómetros. Estas técnicas implican abordar una entidad a la vez, en contraste con el experimento electroquímico convencional en el que un gran número de moléculas interactúa con la superficie de un electrodo. Estos experimentos se han vuelto posibles gracias al uso de ultramicroelectrodos (UME, por sus siglas en inglés), es decir, electrodos con al menos una dimensión, como, por ejemplo, el diámetro de 30 μm o menos. Este artículo proporciona una introducción teórica y práctica a la electroquímica de entidad única (SEE, por sus siglas en inglés), con énfasis en los experimentos de colisión entre nanopartículas (NPs) suspendidas y UME para introducir conceptos y técnicas utilizadas en varios modos experimentales de SEE. Discutimos las corrientes intrínsecamente pequeñas, por debajo de 1 nA, que resultan de la superficie electroactiva de entidades únicas en la escala de nanómetros. Las nanopartículas individuales pueden detectarse mediante la diferencia en reactividad electroquímica entre el sustrato y las nanopartículas. Estos experimentos muestran el comportamiento en estado estacionario de NPs individuales que resulta en cambios discretos de corriente o escalones. De manera similar, la NP puede tener interacciones transitorias con el electrodo de sustrato que dan lugar a picos de corriente. Revisamos el efecto de la difusión, el principal proceso de transporte de masa que limita las interacciones NP/electrodo. Además, señalamos las implicaciones de la agregación y del efecto túnel cuántico en los experimentos. Finalmente, ofrecemos una perspectiva sobre las posibles aplicaciones de la electroquímica de entidad única en electrocatálisis.
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