Bioactive Potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Extracts from Sonora, Mexico: Toward the Valorization of Peel, Seed, and Juice Fractions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29356/jmcs.v70i1.2587Keywords:
Pomegranate peel valorization, Bioactive compounds, HPLC-DAD analysis, Antibacterial properties, Functional ingredientsAbstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is widely recognized for its abundance of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. However, information regarding the chemical composition and biological properties of pomegranates cultivated in northwestern Mexico remains scarce. This study aimed to characterize the chemical profile and evaluate the antioxidant, antiproliferative, antibacterial, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of ethanolic and methanolic extracts from peel, seed, and juice of P. granatum fruits grown in Sonora, Mexico. Fruits collected from northwestern Mexico were separated into peel, juice, and seed fractions and extracted with ethanol or methanol. Extracts were characterized by total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and by ellagic acid content determined by HPLC-DAD. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH radical scavenging assay; antiproliferative activity was evaluated by the MTT assay on HeLa, PC3, and L929 cell lines; antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was determined by the broth microdilution method; and α-glucosidase inhibition was analyzed spectrophotometrically.
Peel extracts exhibited the highest phenolic (up to 251 mg GAE/g DE) and flavonoid contents and the strongest antioxidant activity (EC₅₀ = 14.59 ± 1.04 µg/mL). They also displayed pronounced antiproliferative activity, particularly against PC3 cells (IC₅₀ = 187.82 ± 32.22 µg/mL), and selective antibacterial activity against S. aureus, achieving complete inhibition at 800 µg/mL. Methanolic peel extracts showed complete α-glucosidase inhibition across all tested concentrations. Peel extracts of P. granatum from Sonora exhibited superior chemical richness and multifunctional bioactivity, highlighting their potential as sustainable sources of natural antioxidants, antimicrobials, and hypoglycemic agents for functional food and nutraceutical applications.
Resumen. La granada (Punica granatum L.) es ampliamente reconocida por su abundancia de compuestos bioactivos con potenciales beneficios para la salud. Sin embargo, la información sobre la composición química y las propiedades biológicas de las granadas cultivadas en el noroeste de México es limitada. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el perfil químico y evaluar las actividades antioxidante, antiproliferativa, antibacteriana y la inhibición de α-glucosidasa de extractos etanólicos y metanólicos obtenidos de la cáscara, semillas y jugo de frutos de P. granatum cultivados en Sonora, México. Los frutos recolectados en el noroeste de México se separaron en fracciones de cáscara, jugo y semillas, y se sometieron a extracción con etanol o metanol. Los extractos se caracterizaron mediante contenido total de fenoles, contenido de flavonoides y cuantificación de ácido elágico por HPLC-DAD. La actividad antioxidante se evaluó mediante el ensayo de captura del radical DPPH; la actividad antiproliferativa se determinó mediante el método MTT en las líneas celulares HeLa, PC3 y L929; la actividad antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus se evaluó mediante microdilución en caldo; y la inhibición de α-glucosidasa se analizó espectrofotométricamente. Los extractos de cáscara mostraron los mayores contenidos de fenoles (hasta 251 mg GAE/g DE) y flavonoides, así como la actividad antioxidante más alta (EC₅₀ = 14.59 ± 1.04 µg/mL). También presentaron marcada actividad antiproliferativa, particularmente contra células PC3 (IC₅₀ = 187.82 ± 32.22 µg/mL), además de actividad antibacteriana selectiva contra S. aureus, logrando una inhibición completa a 800 µg/mL. Los extractos metanólicos de cáscara mostraron inhibición total de α-glucosidasa en todas las concentraciones evaluadas. Los extractos de cáscara de P. granatum provenientes de Sonora exhibieron una notable riqueza química y bioactividad multifuncional, destacando su potencial como fuentes sostenibles de antioxidantes naturales, agentes antimicrobianos e hipoglucemiantes para aplicaciones en alimentos funcionales y nutracéuticos.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Pablo Mendez-Pfeiffer, Manuel Ballesteros-Monrreal, Dora Valencia, Mayra Mendez-Encinas, Carlos Armando Cañez-Moreno, Nohemi Gamez-Meza, Edgar Omar Rueda-Puente, Jesús Ortega-García

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