Optimizing Conditions for Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of the Betulinic Acid, Oleanolic Acid, and Ursolic Acid from the Jujube using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29356/jmcs.v67i1.1862Keywords:
Betulinic acid, Oleanolic acid, Ursolic acid, Ultrasound-assisted extraction, Box-Behnken DesignAbstract
Pentacyclic triterpenic acids have potential effects in treating human diseases. Thus, it seems necessary to have an effective method to extract and separate triterpenic acids from plants and fruits such as jujube. To this end, this study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction of Betulinic acid (BA), Oleanolic acid (OA), and Ursolic acid (UA) from Iranian jujube using response surface methodology (RSM) and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to model the response surface. The selected independent variables were ultrasonic bath temperature (T), sonication time (θ), and liquid to solid ratio (α). The P-value and R-squared (R2) for all extraction efficiencies indicated a good correlation between the experimental results and those predicted by the quadratic model. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed the significant impact of linear coefficients (T, θ, α), quadratic coefficients (T2, θ2, α2), and interaction coefficients (Tθ, Tα, θα) of the model on the extraction of three triterpenic acids. The predicted optimal temperature, sonication time, and liquid to solid ratio were 40.34 °C, 34.63 min, and 14.85 mL/g. The maximum yields for BA, OA, and UA were 304.14, 170.61, and 195.23 µg/g, respectively. Extraction was carried out by the calculated rounded up optimal values of T=40 °C, θ=35 min, and α=15 mL/g. The extraction efficiencies for BA, OA, and UA were 303.83±0.85, 169.52±0.86, and 195.84±0.75 µg/g, respectively. These results were comparable to those calculated under model-optimized conditions, indicating the accuracy of our model.
Resumen. Los ácidos triterpénicos pentacíclicos tienen potencialmente efectos en el tratamiento de enfermedades humanas. Por ello es necesario disponer de un método eficaz para extraer y separar los ácidos triterpénicos de plantas y frutos como el jujube (Ziziphus jujuba). Con este fin, en este estudio se optimizó la extracción asistida por ultrasonido de los ácidos betulínico (BA), oleanólico (OA) y ursólico (UA) del jujube iraní utilizando la metodología de superficie de respuesta (RSM) y cuantificada por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Se utilizó el diseño Box-Behnken Design (BBD) para modelar la superficie de respuesta. Las variables independientes seleccionadas fueron la temperatura del baño ultrasónico (T), el tiempo de sonicación (θ) y la proporción de líquido a sólido (α). El valor P y R-cuadrática (R2) para todas las eficiencias de extracción indicaron una buena correlación entre los resultados experimentales y los predichos por el modelo cuadrático. Los resultados del análisis de varianza (ANOVA) mostraron el impacto significativo de los coeficientes lineales (T, θ, α), los coeficientes cuadráticos (T2, θ2, α2) y los coeficientes de interacción (Tθ, Tα, θα) del modelo en la extracción de los tres ácidos triterpénicos. La temperatura óptima predicha, el tiempo de sonicación y la proporción de líquido a sólido fueron 40.34 °C, 34.63 min y 14.85 ml/g. Los rendimientos máximos para BA, OA y UA fueron 304.14, 170.61 y 195.23 µg/g, respectivamente. La extracción se llevó a cabo mediante los valores óptimos redondeados, T = 40 °C, θ = 35 min y α = 15 ml/g. Las eficiencias de extracción para BA, OA y UA fueron 303.83 ± 0,85, 169.52 ± 0,86 y 195.84 ± 0,75 µg/g, respectivamente. Estos resultados fueron comparables a los calculados en condiciones del modelo optimizado, lo que indica la precisión del modelo propuesto.
Downloads
References
Choi, S.H.; Ahn, J.B.; Kim, H.J.; NK, I.m.; Kozukue, N.; Levin, C.E.; Friedman, M. J Agric Food chem. 2012, 60, 10245–10255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf302848u
Kou, X.; Chen, Q. ; Li, X . ; Li, M.; Kan, C.; Chen, B. ; Zhang, Y.; Xue, Z. Food Chem. 2015, 173, 1037–1044. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.110
Gao, Q.H.; Wu, C.S.; Wang, M. J Agric Food Chem. 2013, 61, 3351−3363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf4007032
Cichewicz, R.H.; Kouzi, S.A. Med Res Rev. 2004, 24, 90– 114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/med.10053
Hordyjewska, A.; Ostapiuk, A.; Horecka, A.; Kurzepa, J. Phytochem Rev. 2019, 18, 929–951. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-019-09623-1
Vasconcelos, M.A.L.; Royo, V.A.; Ferreira, D.S.; Crotti, A.E.M.; Silva, M.L.A.; Carvalho, J.C.T.; Bastos, J.K.; Cunha,W.R. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. 2006, 61, 477–482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2006-7-803
Shibata, S. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001, 16, 28–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2001.16.S.S28
Ma, X.H.; Zhao, Y.C.; Yin, L.; Han, D.W.; Ji, C.X. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. 1982,17, 93–97.
Cao, Y.P.; Yang, X.L.; Xue, C.H. Food Sci. 2007, 10, 163–167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2007.01248
Song, L.; Zhang, L.; Xu, L.; Ma, Y.; Lian, W.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y. Plants. 2020, 9, 412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9040412
Jacotet Navarro, M.; Rombaut, N.; Fabiano Tixier, A.S.; Danguien, M.; Bily A.; Chemat, F. Ultrason Sonochem. 2015, 27, 102-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.05.006
Wen, C.T.; Zhang, J.X.; Zhang, H.H.; Dzah, C.S.; Zandile, M.; Duan, Y.Q.; Ma, H.L.; Luo, X.P. Ultrason Sonochem. 2018, 48, 538–549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.07.018
López-Hortas, L.; Pérez-Larrán, P.; González-Muñoz, M.J.; Falqué, E.; Domínguez, H. Food Res Int. 2018, 103, 130–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.028
Xie, P.J; Huang, L.X.; Zhang, C.H.; Deng, Y.J.; Wang, X.J.; Cheng, J. Food Chem. 2019, 276, 662–674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.079
Fu, Q.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, N.; Jia, M.; Zhang, Y. Food Bioprod Process. 2014, 92, 321–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2012.12.006
Wei, M. C.; Yang, Y.C. Separation and Purification Technology. 2014, 130, 182-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.029
Wua, H.; Li, G.; Liu, S.; Liu, D.; Chen, G.; Hu, N.; Suo, Y.; You, J. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2015, 107, 98–107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.031
Aniceto, J.P.S.; Azenha, I.S.; Domingues, F.M.J.; Mendes, A.; Silva, C.M. Separation and Purification Technology. 2018, 192, 401-411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.016
Quanhong, L.; Caili. F.; Food Chemistry. 2005, 92, 701–706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.08.042
Janicsák, G.; Veres, K.; Kállai, M.; Máthé, I. Chromatographia. 2003, 58, 295–299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-003-0058-y
Gopal, V.; Mandal, V.; Mandal S.C. Journal of Acute Disease. 2014, 3, 59-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-6189(14)60013-5
Xu, X.H.; Sun, Q.; Zang, Z.H. Journal of pharmaceutical Analysis, 2012, 2, 238-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2012.01.006
Tian, S.; Shi, Y.; Yu, Q.; Upur, H. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2010, 6, 116-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.62898
Peng, Y.; Liu, M. Acta Hortic. 2010, 853, 163-170.
Zhao, G.; Yan, W.; Cao, D. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2007, 43, 959-962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.09.026
Olivieri, A.C. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2015, 868, 10-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.017
Costa, N. R.; Lourenco, J.; Pereira Z. L. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. 2011, 107, 234-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2011.04.004
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Zhaleh Khoshsima, Amir Abdolah Mehrdad Sharif, Ahmad Akrami
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
